This paper examines the societal role of Afghan refugee women, and focuses on options for them. The war, and the ensuing migration to Pakistan of nearly 3.5 million refugees, the majority of whom were women and children, have led to the deterioration of religious tolerance and the rise of more conservative Islamic beliefs, which have placed…

Summarizes research on various aspects of mothering, including the decision to have children, child rearing in the early years and maternal employment, and late parenting with adult children. Urges an ecological perspective toward parenting and various publicly and privately-supported child care facilities and arrangements. (CJM)