This essay discusses the severe limitations in employment opportunities for black women during the early 1900s. The collection of photographs depicts black women in the following occupations: (1) nursemaid; (2) fieldhand; (3) dairymaid; (4) laundress; (5) factory worker; (6) beautician; (7) business owner; (8) organization president; and (9)…

This paper seeks to understand recent changes in the professional status of teachers and teacher educators in Europe, discussing the contribution of women to teaching and teacher education and noting that the proportion of women in education professions is not regarded as disadvantageous or problematic. The paper discusses gendered concepts of…

Many young women must contend with social and psychological barriers that prevent them from pursuing careers in science and mathematics. Because of lack of confidence, misconceptions, lack of preparation, and discrimination, many women self-select themselves out of as many as 75 per cent of all careers before they reach college age. This series…