On March 17, 1972, President Nixon submitted two bills to Congress designed to deal with the increasingly troublesome issue of court-ordered busing of school children for the purpose of desegregating public schools. The first of these measures is the "Student Transportation Moratorium Act of 1972," which would freeze such court-ordered…

Volume 17 of the 10-volume Highway Safety Program Manual (which provides guidance to State and local governments on preferred highway safety practices) focuses on pupil transportation safety. The purpose and objectives of a pupil transportation safety program are outlined. Federal authority in the area of pupil transportation and policies…

These hearings on school busing are comprised of the testimony of a number of U.S. Senators, Representatives, school board members, and representatives from civil rights organizations. "Material for the Record" consists of prepared statements, letters, and newspaper and periodical articles. The full texts of bills on busing, numbers S.179, S.287,…

The constitutionally erected wall of separation between church and state is the only viable foundation for maintaining religious freedom and for preserving our public school system. The patchwork of recent court decisions and State and Federal legislation concerning aid to parochial schools threatens to erode that wall. Justifications for such aid…

As one of a series of topic papers assessing federal laws and programs affecting persons with disabilities, this paper reviews the issue of transportation services. In the area of urban mass transit, four relevant pieces of legislation and public transportation accessibility regulations are cited, and cost issues are explored. Paratransit systems,…

To understand the moral or ethical issue involved in the busing affair, this discussion begins with the early fifties, a time when segregated schools were morally and legally accepted. In the early fifties, the "separate but equal position" tried unsuccessfully to equalize the education of whites and blacks. A few years later the busing of black…

These hearings before the General Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, are concerned with three bills to further the achievement of equal educational opportunities. H.R. 13915, the Equal Educational Opportunities Act, provides Federal assistance for educationally deprived students and…

This address to the Congress focuses on proposals by the President which he wished that Congress would enact, "two measures which would together shift the focus from more transportation to better education, and would curb busing while expanding educational opportunity." These are: (1) the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1972 and (2) the…

Two proposed legislative measures are discussed in this document. The first is "The Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1972). This would (1) require that no state or locality could deny equal educational opportunity to any person on account of race, color, or national origin; (2) establish criteria for determining what constitutes a denial of…

This paper examines community responses to court-ordered desegregation in Louisville, Boston, Denver, and Dallas. Background information is provided on the implementation of desegregation, court decisions affecting desegregation, reactions to desegregation and busing, and the influence of social structures, political traditions, and prevailing…

The purpose of this monograph is to review the provisions of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act as related to the provision of transportation of homeless children and youth to their school of origin and provide recommendations for implementing the transportation mandate. The National Center for Homeless Education (NCHE) in 2003-2004…

This report reviews and analyzes programs to educate homeless children and youth. A look at the national perspective describes the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, its passage and content. The paper argues that the Department of Education, charged with implementing the Act, failed to do so. Delays, inadequate monitoring, and…

A study was done of homeless children and their access to education in District of Columbia Public Schools and of implementation of the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act in that school district. A review of District of Columbia proposals for programing and for funding, interviews with school and city officials, and interviews with…

A study of seven school districts in Florida indicates that factors associated with large scale, area-wide desegregation stir negative sentiments among parents. These negative sentiments have relatively little influence over behavior but apparently undercut attitudinal support for school desegregation. Parents in the seven school districts can be…

Congressional attempts to curb the power of the Federal courts in the area of school desegregation date largely from the Supreme Court's decision in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education in 1971. It is a response to the court's approval in that case of busing as a remedy that may in some circumstances be used to alleviate the effects…