Five experiments investigated the differential effects of shock punishment on nonconsummatory licking (dry licking) and lever pressing. Results support a motivationally based theory of punishment involving the role of incentive stimuli associated with the particular responses studied. (Editor/RK)

In three experiments the location of pigeons was monitored during 20-second illuminations of a right or left key presented in various temporal relationships with food delivery. In general, subjects approached a signal positively correlated with food and withdrew from a signal negatively correlated with food. (Editor)

In his comment, Black (AA 526 155) argued that Maier and Seligman (EJ 138 911) incorrectly interpreted competing motor response explanations of the learned helplessness effect. Here, it is argued that no article that has proposed a competing motor response explanation of the learned helplessness effect has alluded to a mechanism similar to the one…

Rat received conditioning based upon a food unconditioned stimulus and then received manipulations designed to reduce the value of that food. The effects of these manipulations were assessed during extinction tests of the conditioned stimuli. (Editor/RK)

Three experiments are reported in which rats first received 50 escapable or inescapable signaled-shock trials. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of a learned active-inactive predisposition to respond. (Editor/RK)

This article demonstrated that equations derived from Herrnstein's matching law can make quantitative predictions for many of the effects David Premack has studied on the relative nature of reinforcement. (Author/RK)

This study provided added support for the generalization that the neural processes associated with the startle reflex are engaged by small changes in the auditory environment. They also pointed to a measure of separation between the processes responsible for inhibition and those responsible for latency shift. (Editor/RK)

Two experiments employing 180 rabbits and involving tone conditioned stimuli (CSs) and intraoral water unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) investigated pseudoconditioning of jaw movement. (Editor)

The major question of interest in the present investigation was whether or not a UCS is more effectively represented in STM when its occurrence is relatively surprising as opposed to expected. (Author)

The following series of experiments explores the question of whether the modality of the CS and the index used for conditioned drive are, in fact, important in demonstrating the conditioning of hunger, using natural deprivation as the UCS. (Author)

Two experiments demonstrated that Pavlovian counterconditioning alters not only the responses elicited by an aversive stimulus but also the capacity of that stimulus to act as a reinforcer in a fear-conditioning paradigm. (Author/RK)

Even though many investigators have observed increased intakes of edibles as a function of prior exposure, little systematic research has been done on the effect. The present study was designed to investigate the phenomenon in domesticated rats with a concentrated solution of sodium saccharin used as the ingested substance. (Author)

Computer models of asymptotic reversal learning in pigeons were evaluated on the basis of the results of five experiments which defined the asymptotic pattern of within-sessions and between-sessions reversal (Experiment 1) and which provided data on the effects of intertrial interval (Experiment 2), amount of training preceding reversal…

Four experiments tested the conditioned attention theory (CAT) of latent inhibition (LI). (Author/RK)

The main finding of these four experiments was that the strong conditioning produced by a brief exposure to a truly random control weakened with prolonged exposure. (Author/RK)