Metaphoric learning in corporate training should be "isomorphic" (paralleled experiences bearing strong resemblances to one another) for change to occur. In addition, the outcomes of the newly created metaphor must be different from the preexisting condition if change is to occur. (KS)

Describes three games for all ages, used in adventure- and experiential-education settings. Includes target group, group size, time and space requirements, activity level, props, instructions, and tips for post-activity group reflection and processing where appropriate. The games demonstrate the tenets of adventure programming, involve group…

The term "challenge by choice" is interpreted by some as offering a way out of the adventure education experience. Six considerations are presented for designing programs and planning activities with a broader application of challenge by choice, thereby providing meaningful experiences for all participants regardless of their ability.…

Different aspects of courage are discussed through anecdotes: from the courage required in the outdoors, which most adventure educators have experienced, to observations that courage may be required when it is not anticipated, that it may also involve restraint, that expressing one's needs requires courage, and that courage is also the ability to…

Discusses ethical dilemmas and value conflicts arising from the collision of experiential education and corporate America. Suggests that practitioners self-monitor their own reactions to these issues through conscious decision making, ego awareness, multiple options, and goal consistency. Addresses the question of whether to work for morally…

Frontloading is a learning strategy used in adventure education in which participants are briefed on the learning objectives prior to the activity, thereby encouraging learning to take place before or during the event. Describes indirect frontloading techniques (paradox and double binds) that facilitate learning with clients who have…

An outdoor educator and life-long mountain climber describes his experiences with taking risks, and managing them, as a way of life in such areas as career choices, sports, relocation, marriage, political activism, and Outward Bound participation. Benefits include a sharper perspective on what counts, less concern with possessions and more with…

Explored the feelings, attitudes, and perceptions of at- risk adolescent girls from a psychiatric rehabilitation facility following their participation in adventure therapy that involved outdoor experiential activities. Interview data indicated that participants found positive meaning within various activities. The resulting themes were…

Describes and gives examples of integrating adventure activities into existing classroom curricula at three levels: review or metaphors, interwoven activities for content delivery, and total integration into classroom design. Example activities include "Speed Rabbit,""Have You Ever,""Stepping Stones,""Whale Watch," and "Mine Field." (SAS)

Outdoor-based experiential training (OBET) programs are being used increasingly by U.S. business firms, but intense controversy surrounds their use and there is little empirical evidence concerning their validity. Changes in team building (group) and individual behaviors were assessed among 43 OBET participants who were managers or professional…

For education to make a lasting difference in people's lives, it must touch all dimensions of being human in ways that are integrated or holistic. Content and instructional methods, such as those of Kurt Hahn and Charity James, that are based on images of the intact human being see things whole from the beginning. But our school experience and the…

Adventure-based programs may be designed in a way that not only provides an intervention aimed at therapy or development, but also teaches participants to become their own agents of change. McWhirter's model proposes that empowerment is broader than notions of personal autonomy and efficacy, reaching outside the individual. The model specifies…

This article describes and analyzes the field of experience-based training and development (EBTD) in an attempt to determine its scope, goals, activities, participants, providers, and philosophical bases. EBTD is a process that uses hands-on challenge or adventure, usually in the outdoors, combined with review and feedback, to improve work place…

This paper provides information about conducting adventure-based counseling using a ropes course with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Active learning in the process of therapy is widely accepted, but it is not clear how the complex nature of that relationship works and how programs should be structured to facilitate change. Theoretical…

According to a small study, Outward Bound can enhance the treatment of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Researchers measured the effect of a therapeutic Outward Bound program of prescribed physical and social tasks on the contentment and self-esteem of seven patients undergoing short-term treatment at the Veterans Administration Hospital in…