This paper develops an individual optimization model with persistent intergenerational immobility. Its key feature is that training costs are negatively correlated with family background. Different innate abilities are shown to reduce but not eliminate the importance of family backgrounds. It argues that, in some situations, equal opportunity…

Recent developments in equal pay, equal employment opportunities, women's involvement in trade unions, and the impact of women's work on family life and national development are reviewed. (SK)

Focuses on equal opportunities--for education, pay, and with gender bias for individuals and business organizations. Suggests that business educators can expand the implications to include ethnic-based inequalities as well. (JOW)

Looks at labor legislation enacted by states in 1993 in terms of wages, family issues, child labor, equal employment opportunity, employee drug and alcohol testing, employee leasing, resident preference, and whistleblowers. (JOW)

Differences in levels and determinants of earnings for men and women college graduates are examined. Perspectives from human capital theory, research on the socioeconomic achievement process, and research on segmented labor markets are used to design models of the determination of earnings. Data are taken from the National Opinion Research Center…

The size of the earnings gap between men and women has not changed substantially in recent years. The sustained earnings differential contrasts significantly with recent gains women have made in the job market. Several factors contribute to the wage differences: (1) The majority of women are in lower-paying occupations and lower-status jobs even…

Attaining a post-secondary credential has become increasingly important for securing opportunities to get high-return jobs in the United States in the 21st century. Students from low-income families are underrepresented at every milestone in the educational pipeline, limiting their ability to attain post-secondary credentials and break the…

Summaries are presented, by state, of labor standards legislation passed during 1984. Significant actions included laws concerning wages, child labor, school attendance, occupational safety and health, working hours, equal employment opportunity, worker privacy, labor relations, private employment agencies, employment and training, plant closings,…

The crux of the problem addressed by the concept of comparable worth is sex and race discrimination in employment. Aggressive enforcement of Title VII and the Equal Pay Act to ensure equal employment opportunities and pay equity is the only way of combatting the problem. (Author)

Aspects of women's employment and status, as well as equality of opportunity and wages, in various countries are examined. (SK)

Examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Concludes that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women, but that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. (NRJ)

The Supreme Court decision in County of Washington v. Gunther opened the door to the comparable-worth theory of liability. That argument rests on the concentration of female workers into largely segregated and low-paying jobs, and it attributes the low pay to sex discrimination. (Author/MLF)

Deals with the establishment of an actual or relevant labor force for certain civilian occupations in the U.S. Department of the Navy. These include professionals (scientists, engineers, and others), craftworkers and operatives, and laborers. Discusses wages, recruitment, and mobility. (CT)

Argues that sex discrimination has depressed salaries for jobs filled primarily by women. Shows that under the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, workers in traditionally female occupations can establish equal pay claims. Suggests approaches for developing legal and enforcement standards to deal with discriminatory compensation in traditionally female…

This article examines some unpublished survey data which document the magnitude of earnings differences between men and women in the Soviet Union. Factors contributing to these differences are discussed. (Author/EB)