In this article, inspired by Toni Morrison's evocative description of places that are "never going away" and events that "will happen again," the author explores the historical legacies of racism, law enforcement, and educational inequality in Covington, Kentucky. The author argues that these legacies can best be understood by…

Reports on three recent histories that challenge three historical misconceptions about racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S. (Author/AM)

The long road of slavery from generation to generation has left a legacy in the mind of African American students that has impacted their achievements in schools. In this project, the struggle of African American students in the public school education will be analyzed from the historical standpoint of view and its impact on their achievements.…

"Brown v. Board of Education" reminds this author, a linguist, of the linguistic diversity among black Americans, be they descendants of enslaved Africans--as he is proud to be--or Africans who escaped slavery. There is as much linguistic diversity among their race as among any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. When the…

Historically, the education of some slaves established a middle class within the black population. By the beginning of the 19th century many ex-slaves were able to establish their own business enterprises, using the skills learned. This skilled group became the proponents of freedom for their people and participated in the establishment of schools…