In this article, I draw attention to the early 1850s in the Bombay Presidency when the colonial government first assumed responsibility for mass education. I show that in the subsequent decades, publicly funded schooling was narrow and extremely exclusive as a result of the strong opposition of dominant castes to the education of the Dalits…

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was one of the foremost leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. He was not a run-of-the-mill politician, but an intellectual and thinker who spent several decades writing and speaking on diverse issues, including education. His commitment to the pluralist ethos of the Indian freedom struggle is reflected in his work and…

The report centers around the general question of how nonwhite minority groups were treated by those responsible for public education in California between 1849 and 1970. The minorities treated are Indian, Mexican, Negro, and Asian Americans, all of whom were once considered a formidable problem by Californians of the dominant culture. More…