Over the past 20 years, women's real earnings rose whereas those of men declined. Even as the gender pay gap narrowed, earnings differences between white women and black and Hispanic women continued to grow. (Author)

Although union membership has been declining overall, the number of women union members continues to increase. Currently, 37 percent of union membership are women. The proportion of women workers who are union members increased from 16.3 percent in 1965 to 19.3 percent in 1975 and fell to 14 percent in 1990; 7.4 million women were represented by…

Updates and reexamines Kehrer's 1973 survey of women and men physicians and factors affecting their income differential. It also compares economic indicators of demand for office-based services for men and women physicians to determine whether there is evidence of discrimination by potential patients against women physicians. (CT)

This report presents 1981 annual average data on the number of men and women working full time in each occupation and on their usual weekly earnings. Results indicate that occupations in which women workers dominate tend to rank lower in terms of earnings; men dominate higher paid occupations. (Author/CT)

Examines the legal battleground upon which one struggle for the equality of women is being fought. Updates a civil rights decision of crucial importance to nursing--Lemons v City and County of Denver. (JOW)

Looks at the simultaneous labor force participation and hours of work decisions for Japanese wives, both employees and family workers. Although the estimated aggregate wage and income fluctuations for employees are somewhat higher than previous estimates for the United States, they are of the same order of magnitude. (JOW)

Data from the Worker-Establishment Characteristics Database demonstrate that (1) interplant sex segregation in U.S. manufacturing is substantial, especially in blue-collar occupations; (2) female managers tend to work in the same plants as female supervisees; and (3) interplant sex segregation accounts for a substantial portion of the male-female…

According to data from 67% of a sample of 800 employers in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, skill demands are associated with lower employment of blacks and higher employment of women. Most skill requirements had significant effects on hourly wages, accounting for some of the wage differences between black and white men. (SK)

The median salary for women reporters is 52 percent of that for men. (RB)

This study explored the varying experiences of men and women who received Masters in Business Administration and started their careers in the fifties, sixties, and seventies. The findings were that women rarely held positions in business firms, choosing instead independent work or alternative settings such as universities. (Author/CT)

Industrial sectors and authority hierarchies are examined as an explanation for women's lower earnings compared with men's. Sectoral location and authority position are found to have independent additive effects on earnings; these effects, however, differ by sex. Women are more likely to achieve higher authority positions within the peripheral…

The major finding of this study is that the rise in female labor force participation rates from 1956 to 1975 did not lower the overall level of experience. The widening gap between male and female earnings is attributed to the effects of discrimination and role differentiation. (SK)

Updates a 1976 article explaining the stability of hours of work per week in the U.S. since World War II. It introduces a revised series of the ratio of female to male wages over time. In a reply to this article, Kniesner presents estimates which support his 1976 conclusions. (CT)

Deals with three aspects of the part-time employment pattern of working wives: (1) the wives' characteristics, (2) the level and structure of their earnings in part-time jobs, and (3) the duration of their employment when part-time jobs are available to them. (Author/CT)

Recent developments in equal pay, equal employment opportunities, women's involvement in trade unions, and the impact of women's work on family life and national development are reviewed. (SK)