THESE RESEARCH SCALES PROVIDE CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS, ALONG QUANTIFIED DIMENSIONS, OF THE THREE CENTRAL INGREDIENTS OF EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC ENCOUNTERS--(1) ACCURATE EMPATHY, (2) NONPOSSESSIVE WARMTH, AND (3) GENUINENESS. THE RELIABILITY OF THE SCALES WAS OBTAINED BY CORRELATING DIFFERENT RATER'S RATINGS ON THE SCALES FOR THE SAME SAMPLES OF…

A trait measure of empathy, a skill measure of empathy and an attitude scale on psychological effectiveness were administered to both counselor trainees and "natural helpers", i.e. persons in helping relationships who have not been formally trained as mental health professionals or paraprofessionals. The results indicated that the…

The effects of training counselors for the core therapeutic conditions of empathy, warmth, and genuineness were studied in terms of increased levels of actualizing as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory. Results support the discriminant validity of the inventory. (JKS)

Examined the influence of counselor sex on students' (N=188) expectations of counselor expertness and understanding. Results showed most students expressed no gender preference for vocational problems, but women showed a pattern of preferring a woman counselor for some personal problems. (JAC)

This study investigated the effectiveness of programmed materials in interpersonal relations in improving the facilitation levels of counselor communications. (Author)

This paper presents the use of counselor leads in the theory of child counseling as developed by Kinkmeyer (1965) and suggests what might happen when different leads are employed in different phases of the counseling model. (Author)

Searched for interaction between quality of counseling skills (presence or absence of empathy, genuineness, and positive regard) and physical attractiveness as determinants of counseling effectiveness. Attractiveness influenced perceived effectiveness of counselor's skill. Analyses of expectancy data revealed that only with good skills did…

Focuses on the large and increasing number of older widows available for human service work within the hospice movement caring for the dying and bereaved. Suggests widows possess an empathetic readiness for work in this human service field, and become both beneficiaries and benefactors of their service efforts. (Author)

Studied the effect of counselor sex and sex role on empathic understanding in the counseling relationship. Findings suggest need for further studies investigating the impact of client variables on the counseling relationship. Counselor sex did not significantly affect expressed empathic understanding. There was no evidence that the androgynous…

The preferences of 320 undergraduate students for one of three disabled counselors or for a nondisabled counselor on each of Brabham and Thoreson's 20 hypothetical counseling situations were obtained. Significant counselor preferences existed for 18 of the 20 situations, and when categorized by sex, significant counselor preferences existed for 4…

Virtually all counseling theories have viewed counselor empathic ability as an important condition for counseling, while the concept of countertransference, any therapist feelings or attitudes toward the client, has had a much shakier history. A two-part counseling analogue was designed to examine the relationship of male counselor trainees'…

Three types of correlations were used to examine interrelationships of scales for therapist empathy, warmth, genuineness, self-disclosure, and immediacy. Immediacy and self-disclosure were not significantly related to empathy and warmth for high-facilitative therapists. Results suggest use of all facilitative scales is best justified when ongoing…

Tested two theoretical explanations for attraction-enhancing effects of counselor self-disclosure by constructing counseling analogue which varied the valence (positive or negative) of a counselor's disclosure and its relevance to client's presenting problem. Clients were 70 male college students. Results were mixed, supporting social exchange…

Female college students (N=75) completed measures of social intimacy, sex role type, locus of control, therapy expectancy, and authoritarianism; then rated videotaped intimate and nonintimate sessions with a female psychotherapist. Socially intimate subjects preferred an intimate therapist, assigning her significantly higher levels of intimacy,…

Comparison ratings of two groups, using CARKHUFF scales (1967), indicate need to raise interpersonal functioning level of counselor trainees. Offers suggestions for improvement. (CJ)