Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of secondary traumatic stress (STS) among elementary teachers from Title I schools. This study sought to understand teachers' perceptions of STS and the personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence their impact. Methodology: This study…

Results of a study involving 450 teachers in three California school districts show that two sets of standards exist for judging the effectiveness of teacher unions. For union leaders, legitimacy means keeping promises to teachers by winning concessions from management and, at the same time, working toward a more credible and cooperative…

Reviews precedents, at the state level, to the movement for education reform. Reports, by year and state, on first reactions to reform. Outlines topics touched by state reform efforts, summarizes unifying themes, and predicts the future of reform. Includes a table of states requiring testing for initial certification of teachers. (IW)