The potential undermining effects of a reinforcement program were examined in two studies with kindergarten-first grade children. The procedures were designed to provide an analog to typical classroom incentive programs. The subjects' initial interest was low in one study and high in the other. (Author)

Results of the present experiments on raising expectations are consistent with previous experiments in that the generalization effect, while significant, is smaller in magnitude than the direct effect. (Author)

The rate of achievement and enjoyment of 12 learning disabled pupils (ages 8-12 years) in a token economy was demonstrated to be higher when they were permitted to select their own reinforcers than when the teacher selected the reinforcers. (MH)

The effect of self-imposed and externally-imposed scheduling on oral reading rate was examined in eight reading delayed students (9 to 12 years old). (SBH)

A teacher of elementary-age educable mentally handicapped students describes how the use of a point system motivated her students in academic work. (GW)

This study examined the efficacy of behavior modification in treating three hyperkinetic children (6 to 12 years old). (Author)

Examines the effects of token rewards on the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised performance of white, first, second, fourth, and fifth grade students of low socioeconomic status. Results indicated that the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group. A significant difference was also found for grade level,…

This article describes how an elementary school counselor used sixth grade students to help change the behavior of a disruptive student through positive reinforcement. (Author)

Reading comprehension, indicated by motor behavior and multiple-choice picture selection called for in written instructions, was taught to an autistic child (12 years old). (Author/PT)

Children given tangible rewards, regardless of race of examiner, obtained significantly higher scores. Children given culturally relevant social reinforcement by a Black examiner obtained significantly higher scores than did children given culturally relevant reinforcement by the White examiner. (Author)

The study explored the influence of reinforcement and race on the verbal creativity performance of 50 emotionally handicapped children at the elementary school level. Among conclusions were that positive verbal reinforcement led to significantly higher creativity scores and that the race of the Ss (White or Black) did not affect creativity…

An approach is suggested to the use of sets of practice exercises that is more like the actual use of computation by adults and may be more effective in attaining accuracy and speed. (MP)

Explores the question of how generous or altruistic behavior can be encouraged in the elementary school classroom. Cities social learning theory and research which demonstrates the importance of providing models of generous behavior. (BF/JH)

Portfolios give teachers insights into their students' growth not possible through traditional assessment measures. The portfolio concept is feasible if students become immersed in reading, writing, speaking, and listening and are given sufficient time, project choices, and positive reinforcement. Educators should nurture self-evaluation of…

Discusses the selection criteria of reinforcement in phonics materials. Reports on a search for phonics materials which met the criteria of having an appropriate amount of reinforcement, high transfer potential, and high content validity. Finds that "Signals Video Learning Series" is a satisfactory phonics program. (MG)