Self-esteem of 350 seventh-grade students from open and traditional elementary schools was measured. The seven open and eight traditional classes represented significantly different treatment groups. No group differences in self-esteem were found, nor were effects found for socioeconomic status, IQ, or sibling position. Girls had higher…

An experimental group of 51 students from non-graded and three matched groups of 187 pupils from graded programs were studied to determine the relative effectiveness of non-graded and graded approaches to elementary education and whether any differences found at the end of six years of schooling remained after both groups had been exposed to a…