Among the many outside influences on Appalachian culture in the late 19th-early 20th centuries were reformers and educators, many of them women who came to the mountains to work as teachers, settlement workers, and nurses. This paper focuses on settlement schools in eastern Kentucky as the locus of interaction between reformers and mountain women.…

Two recent books complement each other to provide a more complete and realistic understanding of the challenge of Education for All in rural India. The World Bank report offers a macrolevel, statistical perspective on Indian primary education, while the "Public Report" portrays the reality of village primary education as lived and…

Summarizes Chinese studies of the impact of the rural responsibility system (rural development reforms) on rural primary education in China. Examines effects on elementary school enrollment and retention, curriculum content, teacher salaries and status, and teacher supply and demand. Discusses policies moving away from state support of rural…

The first four articles of the Spring, 1981 issue of this journal focus on aspects of vocabulary instruction in elementary schools. The first article provides teachers with a sourcebook for teaching vocabulary. Weaknesses in vocabulary instruction and specific activities for developing vocabulary in depth, including questioning strategies,…

In rural Burkina Faso, donor agencies and the national government have initiated a five-year reform program aimed at decentralizing educational administration and augmenting local participation in school management. Reforms are founded on misplaced assumptions about public ownership of formal education, efficacy of short-term training, and shared…

In several studies, elementary school teachers identified problems involving affiliation, control, parent and home relations, student success, and time. Rural and urban elementary teachers reported similar concerns. However, rural teachers reported more problems with student success and control than suburban teachers, whereas suburban teachers…

This report suggests that in order to enhance implementation of inclusion in rural schools, specific strategies related to instruction, assessment, and collaboration must be adopted. The report overviews cooperative learning strategies that can be used for teaching reading inclusively at the elementary level. The question-answer relationships…

Examines factors currently affecting the viability of small elementary schools (90 students or less) in England and Wales. While centralization of educational control since 1988 has worsened the educational and economic environment for small schools, locally based support strategies (interschool cooperation, anti-closure campaigns, voluntary fund…

The single-grade model of education, based on the division of labor in industry, has come to dominate the school, class, and curriculum organization used by central authorities. Although the multi-grade model is common in developing countries and in rural areas of industrialized countries, the knowledge required for effective multi-grade teaching…

This research project examined the potential role of agricultural experiences as a vehicle for meeting the diverse learning needs of rural primary students in developing countries. Volume 1 of the project report represents a literature review that investigated a "new role" for agriculture as a key element for developing rural students'…

This report synthesizes case studies of women teachers in rural areas of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. In each country, interviews and focus groups were conducted in selected states and districts with administrators and women teachers in rural elementary schools, as well as policymakers and community members. Following an introduction to…

The history of British colonial educational policies, particularly the adaptation concept in Black Africa, is discussed. "Adaptation" refers to an educational scheme, supposedly adapted to the needs of Black people, completely oriented toward family and community life, and based on recommendations by the 1920-21 and 1924 Phelps-Stokes…