Metacognition refers to the capacity to comprehend and manage one's own cognitive processes, enabling the recognition of biases and presumptions that might influence them. Numerous published studies indicate that through metacognition, enhancements in critical-thinking skills allow individuals to query information, assess data, and make more…

This meta-analysis examined the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and/or anxiety and the outcomes of children aged 3 months to 9 years. Of the 8754 studies published before June 2021 that were synthesized, 17 conducted in Western countries were included in the meta-analysis (N[subscript total] = 23,307; M[subscript males] 54%;…

This study aims to introduce network meta-analysis (NMA) to provide educational researchers with an extended view of the reviewing educational research. Meta-analytic methods have been widely used in educational research reviews. However, weaknesses have emerged in the multi-group comparison analysis of educational studies where different…

Meta-analytic models for dependent effect sizes have grown increasingly sophisticated over the last few decades, which has created challenges for a priori power calculations. We introduce power approximations for tests of average effect sizes based upon several common approaches for handling dependent effect sizes. In a Monte Carlo simulation, we…

The present study uses meta-analysis to synthesise findings involving 480 effect sizes from 97 studies (dated 2000-2020) to provide insights on associations between school socioeconomic status (SES) and (a) student learning outcomes; (b) schools' percentage of ethnic minority students and students' prior ability; and (c) school processes in K-12…

Reflective thinking is a must-have skill to connect the knowledge obtained with previous knowledge and can be seen from learning achievement. This study aims to prove and determine the relationship between reflective thinking and learning achievement and its effect size. This study used a quantitative meta-analysis method. Reflective thinking is…

Previous research evaluating behavior skills training and performance feedback has largely examined factors influencing interventionist performance outcomes. However, to our knowledge, researchers have yet to compile existing literature to specifically explore characteristics associated with improved learner outcomes in the context of…

"Classic" forest plots show the effect sizes from individual studies and the aggregate effect from a meta-analysis. However, in ecology and evolution, meta-analyses routinely contain over 100 effect sizes, making the classic forest plot of limited use. We surveyed 102 meta-analyses in ecology and evolution, finding that only 11% use the…

Over the past 20 years, many studies have shown that students' test anxiety is significantly related to their level of perfectionism. However, the reported results are relatively inconsistent, varying in both the magnitude and direction of relationships. The present study provides the first meta-analytic review of the relationships between…

Differential bundle functioning (DBF) has been proposed to quantify the accumulated amount of differential item functioning (DIF) in an item cluster/bundle (Douglas, Roussos, and Stout). The simultaneous item bias test (SIBTEST, Shealy and Stout) has been used to test for DBF (e.g., Walker, Zhang, and Surber). Research on DBF may have the…

Studies remain controversial concerning how enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom relate to foreign language learning (FLL) achievement. There is an inadequacy of synthesis of factors addressing the debate on emotion correlations in the empirical results. Underpinned by the control-value theory (CVT) of achievement emotions, a meta-analysis is conducted…

Academic dishonesty is a pervasive problem undermining the effectiveness of educational institutions. From a motivational perspective, researchers have proposed achievement goals as antecedents of academic dishonesty. Empirical findings corroborate the notion that mastery goals (focus on learning and competence development) are negatively linked…

Racism primarily has been examined in United States (U.S.) educational contexts via survey and qualitative investigations, which reveal Black, Indigenous, and People of Colors' (BIPOCs') self-reported experiences of individual racism. Missing from this research is a focus on the perpetrators of racism and the institutional nature of racism in U.S.…

Prior research has revealed robust and consistent relations between spatial and mathematical skills. Yet, establishing a causal relation has been met with mixed effects. To better understand whether, to what extent, and under what conditions mathematics performance can be improved through spatial training, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis…

Studies on digital game-based language learning (DGBLL) have increased in numbers, creating a pool of studies that can be meta-analyzed to measure the overall effect of digital gaming on second language (L2) development. The current meta-analysis targets digital games that were available to the public at the time of data collection, January of…