The Swedish school system comprises: (1) Pre-primary school (Forskola), typical age 1-5; (2) Preschool class in the compulsory school (Grundskola) typical age 6 (participation voluntary); (3) Compulsory school, typical age 7-16, grades 1-9, and (4) Upper secondary school, 17 programmes (4 mainly academic, 13 vocational), typical age 16-19, grades…

The English National Curriculum values and promotes the concept of challenge, but appears not to understand the prior need for psychological safety. Guidance and counseling skills can help teachers in their attempts to establish those zones of safety from which all pupils will reach out to the challenge of learning. (JPS)

Analysis of the British Office of Standards in Education reports suggests that management and documentation are valued and rewarded over creativity in teaching. As in other policymaking bodies, preconditions to support creativity in schools are lacking, resulting in a mismatch between rhetoric about developing creative talents and the reality…

Argues that Curriculum 2000 fails to address the complexity of modern life. Agues that there are substantial gaps in the curriculum which derive mainly from British government policy being premised on crude and obsolete notions of English identity. Notes that this severely constrains English educators' ability to construct a critical curriculum…

Over the last decade, there has been an increasing drive towards the promotion and development of enterprise education in Scottish schools. This has involved much debate about the nature of enterprise and how it may be addressed and applied within primary and early secondary school settings. The recent renewed interest in citizenship education and…

Despite its best intentions, social exclusion has grown rather than diminished under New Labour's education policies. In order to understand this, Ivor Goodson argues that we need to engage with the history of the formal curriculum and the long and continuing fight over what counts as proper knowledge. Taking science and environmental science as…

While European education systems fundamentally rest on a rather monolithic world-view, some of them are explicitly oriented towards Christianity and others are comparatively secular. Apart from this, they differ in the way that they offer opportunities for Muslim minorities to enjoy a modern and competitive as well as religious-moral education.…

Citizenship education is now a required component of the national curriculum that must be taught by all state-funded schools in England. It is constantly highlighted by policy makers as a major innovation that promotes social cohesion in general, and race equality in particular. At the same time, however, the government has continued to pursue a…

The Specialist Schools Programme was launched in England in 1993. Under the programme, schools submit a bid to central government to specialise in specified curriculum areas. To qualify to participate they must raise private sponsorship to contribute to the cost of their development plans and set targets, including targets for pupils' attainment.…

This document reports on the activities of England's National Literacy Strategy--the government's target and management from 1997-2002. The Literacy Task Force was established in May 1996 and charged with developing a strategy for substantially raising standards of literacy in elementary schools over a 5- to 10-year period. Section One of the…

This paper discusses trends in British and U.S. school reform and compares government support of education by the "loyal opposition" of both countries. Between 1980 and 1995, school reform policies in the United States generally enjoyed broad, bipartisan support. The same, however, cannot be said in Britain where ideological differences…

Examines how the social and cultural terrain of educational policy and discourse has been altered, highlighting the need for closer connections between theoretical and critical discourses, on one hand, and real transformations currently shifting educational policies and practices in fundamentally rightist directions, on the other. The real and…

This article raises questions about current educational reform efforts now underway in a number of nations. Research from a number of countries is used to document some of the hidden differential effects of two connected strategies - neo-liberal inspired market proposals and neo-liberal, neo-conservative, and middle class managerial inspired…

The Polish school education system makes a distinction between two types of assessment: (1) Intra-school or internal assessment; and (2) External assessment. The idea of introducing external examinations into the Polish school education system emerged in 1992. This was directly inspired by study visits to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands…

Proposals for a British national curriculum and national assessment procedures are discussed in terms of a timetable for implementation, the foundation subjects, relevance of subjects to children's lives, attainment targets and testing, and children with special educational needs. (DB)