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O'Brien, Thomas C. – Phi Delta Kappan, 1999
Parrot math (memorization) seeks to control children through external rewards and punishments, rather than harness their intelligence and curiosity. Recent standardized test results document parrot math's failure. Activities-based approaches, supported by a constructivist philosophy (involving classifying, inferring, generalizing, and…
Descriptors: Back to Basics, Basic Skills, Constructivism (Learning), Educational History
Hodge, R. Lewis – 1989
U.S. public education has always been value laden, and a straightforward approach concerning what values will be taught is an appropriate policy. In spite of U.S. pluralism, a relatively common set of traditional values is possible and desirable. Three assumptions have been accepted in this essay: (1) no one lives a value-neutral life; (2)…
Descriptors: Back to Basics, Basic Skills, Controversial Issues (Course Content), Discovery Learning
