Today, free public kindergarten for five-year-old children is available in every state and community throughout the United States, and public education is routinely referred to as K-12. But kindergarten did not start out this way. Kindergartens in the United States once served children as young as three and four years old. In fact, today's…

This paper traces the historical development of the American research and technology enterprise from its origins in the post-Civil War period to its current international dominance in the discovery and dissemination of scientific knowledge. U.S. research universities have become the vital center of this enterprise over the past 60 years. But…

Herein is a companion study to the report on "State Policies in Public-School Finance," published as Bulletin No. 6, 1922, which was written with a view to summarizing the most significant conclusions resulting from a series of comprehensive investigations of public-school finance made by Doctor Swift and others in 11 different States. In the…

The Educational Directory, 1919-20 is divided into seven distinct parts. Part I, Government Educational Activities, covers the following topic areas: (1) The United States Bureau of Education; (2) Department of State; (3) Department of War; (4) Department of the Navy; (5) Department of the Treasury; (6) Department of the Interior; (7) Department…

In most States of the Union campaigns more or less systematic have been conducted within the last few years for the improvement and more adequate support of the public schools. The campaigns in the Southern States have been remarkable for their intensity and continuity, as well as for the comprehensiveness of their purpose and the importance of…

Every great war in which the United States has played a part has been followed by educational developments of supreme national importance. As the result of the Revolutionary War the Federal Government acquired a vast public land domain from which it has carved generous grants to the States. Those became the foundation of systems of free public…

Within the two years comprehended in this review, the Congress of the United States has been in almost continuous session and all the states, except Alabama have held meetings of their legislative bodies. Six states, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina hold annual meetings of their legislatures, and…

Part 1 of the education directories for 1919 and 1920 includes U.S. Department of Interior government educational activities. The contents include various government departments and independent establishments including the Library of Congress and the Commission of Fine Arts. Part 2 describes public school systems. The contents include principal…