In Germany we observe a strong increase in the enrolment in shadow education ('Nachhilfe') over the last two decades. To explain this development we draw on social reproduction theories identifying two strategies: (1) families seek competitive advantages for their children to maintain or achieve an advantageous education level (status attainment…

Future directions in higher education will be shaped by massive changes in student clientele, economic conditions, instruction, and professionalism. Colleges and universities must prepare for a volatile period. Specific trends are discussed. (Author/PP)

This report, one of a series of country studies on higher education and employment particularly in continuing professional education, looks at recent developments in Germany in distance education. In particular the study compares its development in the Federal Republic of Germany and the former German Democratic Republic. The first of two main…

This report, one of a series of country studies on higher education and employment particularly in continuing professional education, looks at recent developments in Germany. The first of six chapters offers a series of definitions of central concepts and focuses the paper's discussion on continuing education offered by higher education…

This book defines the changes that will be needed in Great Britain's higher educational system to make the shift to greater rates of participation in the future, and speculates about the conditions under which they could occur, or are already doing so. Part I has as its focus the processes of selection for, or exclusion from, higher education.…

An August, 1981, conference in Madison, Wisconsin, brought together the state's vocational educators to explore the work-education relationship and where vocational education is going in the next decade. In the first of the four addresses, Dean Bowles, Deputy State Superintendent of Public Instruction, described upcoming challenges for secondary…

This report, one of a series of country studies on higher education and employment particularly in continuing professional education, looks at recent developments in Italy. Following an introduction which offers basic data on higher education in Italy, Chapter I reviews the current challenges and demands facing the Italian system, in particular in…

This paper offers an examination of the transformation of higher education over the last century with a focus on some current tensions and some ideas for responding to the rapidly changing environment. Early sections of the paper describe the "massification" of higher education in which 40 to 50 percent of the population participate in…

This report, one of a series of country studies on higher education and employment particularly in continuing professional education, looks at recent developments in Finland. An opening section reviews the structure of continuing education in Finland where most continuing education is arranged by private employers with universities. The paper…

The discipline of educational psychology can contribute to a liberal education and should be reorganized to meet this new role in higher education. In light of such problems as the decreasing demand for teachers, educational psychology courses should change from a teacher education to an elective or liberal arts orientation. Economic conditions…

This overview paper highlights implications of keynote papers and discussion at the first National Issues Forum held by the Research Center for Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Australia. It discusses evidence that the school-to-work (STW) transition is a problem for an increasing number of young people and why. It outlines the…

Of those 16-year-olds who stay on in full-time education, almost half choose to do so in further (adult) education. Although the percentage of students enrolled in general education programs has fallen off slightly since 1980, this group still forms the largest single group of 16-to-19-year-old students in the United Kingdom. Of all of the areas…