This article examines how education unfolded as a science in Estonia in the period 1944-1991, i.e. from the second Soviet occupation to the fall of the USSR. Historical analysis of the way prominent scholars and institutions succeeded in overcoming the adverse conditions of that period is conducted by viewing their respective contributions through…

A Soviet experiment in educating by general principles rather than individual facts, exemplified by mathematics instruction, is described in this article and followed by questions and comments from Clive Peters, Bristol, U.K. (JH)

Describes the efforts in the USSR since 1984 to develop universal vocational education. Discusses the motivation for this goal and notes that this changeover in education constitutes a major socio-economic task. Links vocational training with general secondary education, reviews the need for modernization of vocational education, and provides…

Examines effects on Soviet education of ideas and teaching methods of Shatalov, Amonashvili, and others. Their ideas, focusing on cooperative relationships among teachers, students, and parents that create a successful learning environment and diminish students' fear of failure, have challenged the authority of the Soviet Academy of Pedagogical…

Describes recent efforts at educational reform in the USSR and analyzes the first results of these actions. Notes that educational reform requires not only improvement in content and organization, but also a change in teachers' consciousness and increased funding. Lists eight programs established to stimulate reform. (KO)

The Soviet Union is undertaking a drive for excellence in higher education by tightening academic standards, closing weaker institutions, changing admission criteria, experimenting with instructional approaches in some institutions, and increasing efforts at labor force development and training programs tied to national economic needs. (MSE)

Presents an experimental secondary school curriculum as drafted by the Soviet Union's Ministry of Education in 1987. Intended for implementation (after modifications) by the year 2000, as part of perestroika and educational reform. Examines the curriculum's rationale. Lists school subjects, indicating number of hours and grades in which they…

Relating vocational to academic programs in U.S. high schools is a challenge. Usually, more academic subjects are required for graduation, while vocational study is squeezed into the electives. This is not a balance; what is needed is an interaction between the academic and the vocational, the product of which is a general education persuasively…

Praises Anton S. Makarenko's work and pedagogical theories. Calls for research into applying Makarenko's theories to the Soviet Union's current educational reform. Highlights Makarenko's success at unifying theory and practice at his labor collective school. These theories focus on democratizing school relations, promoting individual development,…

Proposes new directions in educational research in the Soviet Union. Assigns priority to pedagogical research tasks. Premises discussion on a growing recognition of the need to promote individual creative development at all educational levels. Advocates extensive experimentation at laboratory schools and cooperation among branches of pedagogical…

This collection, the last of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the western hemisphere, analyzes statistics, methodology, reforms, and new tendencies. Twelve of the document's 18 articles are written in English, 3 are written in French and 3 are in Italian. Summaries accompany most articles; three…

Targets key areas in need of reform in the Soviet educational system: (1) career guidance for students in line with social production needs; (2) greater parent-teacher cooperation; (3) student self-government and decision-making power in schools; and (4) creative teaching methods. Notes how bureaucratic resistance to change has hampered reform…

Proposes combining productive labor of students and classroom instruction in a unified labor school system in the Soviet Union. Sees this educational reform as necessary for Soviet economic development. Identifies research needs and advocates establishing research centers specifically to initiate and organize this proposed integration. (CH)

A compilation of case studies of training programs for health personnel consists of nonevaluative descriptions of innovative efforts. Contents include: The University of New Castle, New South Wales, Australia: Developing a New Medical School (D. Maddison); Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia: Dental Manpower Training (R. Guerrero, C. Tasama);…