Two major education system reforms were introduced by Israel's government in collaboration with the teachers' unions. These reforms redefine principals' and teachers' roles, increasing teachers' work hours, and the scope of their work. School principals absent from the reform negotiations, are expected to apply the reform, although their work…

The research examined teachers' perceptions of factors affecting their perceived effectiveness in online teaching in the Israeli educational system, comparing Jewish and Arab teachers' views during the Covid-19 crisis. The research employed quantitative and qualitative approaches. 295 teachers responded to a questionnaire, and 22 teachers…