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Dawadi, Saraswati – TESL-EJ, 2021
The effect of high-stakes language tests on teaching and learning a language is usually known as washback. The true nature of test washback can be understood only by taking account of the educational, cultural, political and social contexts in which the test operates. Nevertheless, little research has explored the factors that affect the nature of…
Descriptors: Testing Problems, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language)