In the Bible, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to usher in the end of the world. That is why, in 1964, Judge Ben Cameron gave four of his fellow judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit the derisive nickname "the Fifth Circuit Four"--because they were ending the segregationist world of the Deep…

While some state and local education agencies may raise concerns over shifting legal principles and political apprehension in pursuing strategies that integrate students across race, socioeconomic status, and other factors, the changing demographics warrant serious inquiry into integration opportunities. This paper surveys the landscape of K-12…

More than ever before, social science research identifies an array of academic and social benefits for students stemming from learning in integrated educational settings, which is even more beneficial for younger students. While some state and local education agencies may raise concerns over shifting legal principles and political apprehension in…

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to: (a) analyze the insights and experiences of the 1st African American student-athlete (in basketball) at a prominent predominantly White institution in the Deep South as well as the later insights and experiences of his sons at the same university; and (b) to present a counterstory to the dominant…

There have been major changes in the Justice Department's law enforcement program in the 10 years since passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. First, no longer is civil rights enforcement limited to the South. Today, the department's program is national in scope and focus. Some of the greatest gains in the desegregation of schools and in the…

The effects of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision of 1954 reached some 160 million people and had implications for about 40 percent of all school children in the United States. The impetus for social reform emanating from this decision extended beyond school children and the public school arena to the civil rights movement…

Adapted from his memoirs, this article offers a view of the school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, from the perspective of the Supreme Court chief justice. (LBH)

Suggests that from the beginning a central problem with the separate but equal doctrine has been that once separation is assured, the dominant white society rarely feels any need to make even a pretense of equality. (Author/AM)

This paper presents a broad discussion of the historical, political, and philosophical aspects of school integration as embodied in the Brown decision of 1954. Segregated education is damaging to both whites and blacks. Thus, the Brown decision was beneficial for the majority group as well as for minorities. Historically, in fact, free public…

The purpose of this report is to examine what effect the increase in the number of schools obtaining unitary status has had on the racial balance of schools that were previously under court order. Specifically, the report examines whether levels of integration tend to erode as consent decrees are lifted. To that end, the Commission collected data…

The Supreme Court's landmark Brown decision changed the total pattern of race relations in the United States and helped to solidify the foundations of American democracy for the benefit of all Americans. Ironically, although the specific issue which resulted in the Brown decision was concerned with the constitutionality of racially segregated…

United States district judges have, regardless of their personal views the awesome assignment of forcing compliance with the Supreme Court's 1954 school segregation decisions. In the District of Columbia and in the border states of Missouri, Oklahoma, West Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland, for the most part authorities have completed, or are…

Considers the role of the federal government and the courts in school desegregation. Notes the resegregative effects of White flight to the suburbs resulting from desegregation efforts, and discusses the Reagan administration's apparent retreat from enforcement of desegregation orders, using Denver as an example. (PGD)