Critically evaluates the theory of patronage and professional social movement organizations (SMOs) in interpreting the development of black insurgency between 1953 and 1980. Findings support and contradict the social contract theory. Professionalization was only one of many reasons for the movement's decline. (Author/PS)

Differences in students' perceptions of Black militancy were studied both within and between three economically distinctive community colleges. Approximately 200 students from each of three schools completed questionnaires evaluating the legitimacy and effectiveness of protest actions in two hypothetical situations. Significant differences existed…

This biography for younger readers presents the life of Stokely Carmichael, who made famous the phrase "Black Power" as he fought for the rights of black people in the United States and who later settled in Africa, where he organizes young Africans to work for their rights. The book is introduced by an overview of the civil rights…

In the spring of 1970., the Policy Institute of the Syracuse University Research Corporation was "asked to investigate the causes of violent unrest and educational disruption in a fair sample of the nation's urban high schools, and to identify strategies that appeared to be successful in mitigating the worst of the troubles. This report is the…

The author considers the current position of the Supreme Court on the First Amendment and the right of free speech. There are questions of distinction between what constitutes lawful or unlawful expressions of opinion, including the use of symbolic conduct, with respect to the communicator's intent, his effectiveness, and the clear and present…

This theme issue looks at three historical and recent instances of civil disobedience. The first article examines the Free Speech Movement, which arose on the Berkeley campus of the University of California in the 1960s. The second article recounts the struggle of Mahatma Gandhi to free India from the British Empire. The final article explores the…

The increasing number of campus conflicts brought to court may have far-reaching implications and could mean a decline of academic freedom in the future. (IR)

Reviews the history of student activism at American universities from the colonial period to the present, focusing on the 19th-century abolitionist movement and antiwar movements in the 1930s and 1960s. Also discusses student activism at Kent State University (Ohio) and the events of May 4, 1970, when four students were killed in a confrontation…

Academic and popular writings on the causes, effects, and responses to urban disorders are cited in this bibliography. Although many earlier works are represented, most of the material cited is from the years between 1954 and 1968. Each citation is listed under one of ten broad subject categories. Under each heading, the citations are arranged…

This paper provides a rhetorical analysis of a protest action, namely, the mobilization and action of black citizens in Seattle, Washington, in reaction to the 1965 shooting of a black man (Robert L. Reese) by a local police officer. A description of actions during this time, as reported by two Seattle newspapers, is provided. An extrinsic…

The story of the 1970 Jackson State College slayings following an unruly anti-war demonstration by black students is pieced together via interviews with students wounded in the gunfire and other eyewitnesses, as well as an examination of public records, court testimony, and newspaper accounts. The events are presented in the context of the history…

The author discusses how the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland captured international public attention during the 1968-1969 period, through some of the rhetorical efforts of its leaders. Prior to 1968 the Irish Republican Army movement faced problems of apathy among its followers and neglect by governments of both Northern Ireland and…

The study examines results of an anonymous poll of student attitudes and participation in demonstrations and riots at the University of Maryland. The poll was administered to 1407 university students and data are presented by means, standard deviations, and factor analysis. Results indicate that students generally feel that demonstrations are…

This report examines campus unrest. Emphasis is placed on the student protest in the 1960's, the black student movement, university response to campus disorder, the law enforcement response, university reform, government and campus unrest, and Kent State and Jackson State. Recommendations are suggested for the President, the government, the law…

Designed to invite the senior and junior high school student to investigate the immediate and underlying causes of riots and what can be done to prevent them, the student manual of this unit begins with a description of the Watts riots of 1965. The student is encouraged to draw his own conclusions, and to determine the feasibility of a variety of…