Many different factors enter into riots and other forms of social violence. Often, aggression is impulsive rather than instrumental. These expressive" acts are responses to aversive conditions. Social comparisons contribute to unpleasant situations. It is suggested that unfavorable comparisons with one's own kind are particularly important.…

Describes the Nashville (Tennessee) lunch-counter sit-ins in 1960, civil-rights demonstrations led by students, and the resultant boycott of downtown businesses by blacks and sympathetic, or uneasy, whites. Many participants in the Nashville sit-ins went on to larger roles in the civil-rights movement. (SLD)

The author looks back on the early days of the civil rights movement and recreates the tension and fear of that time for young Blacks. He describes the first freedom ride to Jackson, Mississippi, where White supremacy still ruled, and the courage it took to challenge segregation injunctions backed by mobs. (PP)

See TE 499 864, above.

This biography for younger readers depicts the life of Martin Luther King, Jr., the Nobel Peace Prize winner who dedicated himself to the struggle for equal rights for African Americans while embracing the principle of nonviolent resistance. The book presents an overview of the civil rights movement and chronicles King's role as national leader…

This biography for younger readers presents the life of Stokely Carmichael, who made famous the phrase "Black Power" as he fought for the rights of black people in the United States and who later settled in Africa, where he organizes young Africans to work for their rights. The book is introduced by an overview of the civil rights…

This theme issue looks at three historical and recent instances of civil disobedience. The first article examines the Free Speech Movement, which arose on the Berkeley campus of the University of California in the 1960s. The second article recounts the struggle of Mahatma Gandhi to free India from the British Empire. The final article explores the…

Academic and popular writings on the causes, effects, and responses to urban disorders are cited in this bibliography. Although many earlier works are represented, most of the material cited is from the years between 1954 and 1968. Each citation is listed under one of ten broad subject categories. Under each heading, the citations are arranged…

The story of the 1970 Jackson State College slayings following an unruly anti-war demonstration by black students is pieced together via interviews with students wounded in the gunfire and other eyewitnesses, as well as an examination of public records, court testimony, and newspaper accounts. The events are presented in the context of the history…

The author discusses how the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland captured international public attention during the 1968-1969 period, through some of the rhetorical efforts of its leaders. Prior to 1968 the Irish Republican Army movement faced problems of apathy among its followers and neglect by governments of both Northern Ireland and…

A participant in the 1958 Wichita, Kansas, lunch counter sit-ins recounts the history of early Great Plains sit-ins and discusses how they were related to, if not the cause of, the more famous Greensboro, North Carolina, sit-ins. Discusses factors leading to the sit-ins, and the fact that black youth pioneered them. (TD)

Traces the foundations and development of Native American activism, 1950s-90s. Discusses relocation of reservation American Indians to urban areas in the 1950s without promised aid or vocational training, changing aspirations of Indian veterans and college students, lessons of the civil rights movement, occupations of Alcatraz Island and Wounded…

Maintains that Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. fundamentally altered the tradition of protest and reform. Compares and contrasts the role of each man in U.S. social and constitutional history. Concludes that while Thoreau lacked the broad influence of King, his writings influenced both King and Mohandas Gandhi. (CFR)

This social studies unit invites students to consider the philosophical bases of civil disobedience as well as the practical consequences and limits of the use of law-breaking as a means of social protest. The first three sections of the unit focus on the abolitionists' civil disobedience in antebellum America, presenting brief accounts of mob…