In recent years, educators in the USA have emphasized disciplinary literacy as an essential path forward in cultivating adolescents' understanding of subject matter in tandem with literacy practices. Yet, this agenda poses challenges to teachers who have been tasked with its implementation. Here, we examine two expert US history teachers' efforts…

This paper addresses the ideal of "citizenship" in the US and how particular meanings of history, culture, and language are encoded in government policy and practice. The US government (Citizenship and Immigration Services) presents citizenship as a commitment to shared knowledge and values, and it requires applicants to possess…

A guide to program design and instruction for immigrants seeking permanent residency in the United States is based on the educational requirements of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. It provides information for developing an amnesty preparation program to meet the requirements for proficiency and/or course attendance. Those…

Analyzes teacher and student conceptions of the meaning of history, exploring factors which shape them, and the relationship among teacher conceptions, the curriculum, and student conceptions. Data collection included interviews and observations. Concludes that teachers should explicitly discuss historical purpose, patterns, generalizability, and…