In this paper, andragogy, as presented by Malcolm Knowles, is critiqued as it represents European ideologies and ways of learning that fail to recognize the multifaceted experiences of adult Black males. With increased numbers of Black males entering post-secondary education spaces, new schools of thought need to be considered that are more…

This phenomenological study investigated the experiences of 8 Black students enrolled in a master's-level counseling program. Five themes central to participant experiences were identified: (a) isolation as a Black student, (b) tokenization as a Black student, (c) lack of inclusion of Black counselor perspectives within course work, (d)…

The cultural experiences of minority learners are often omitted from the formal curriculum leading to exclusion and a sense of cultural loss. In this study, the researcher's lived experience serves as the basis to develop a novel research strategy: transformative autoethnography. The researcher uses the method of autoethnography to more…

National survey data are used to test the relationship between urbanism and racial attitudes among Whites, and a liberalizing effect of urbanism is found. It appears that urbanism liberalizes racial attitudes by increasing equal-status, cooperative, and relatively personal contact between members of racial subcultures. (Author/RDN)

The basic tenet of this paper is that the difference between black and white children on IQ measures is not due to genetics but describes the cultural distance between the two groups. The cultural distance approach is described as an amalgam of the environmental and social psychology points of view. It holds that any subculture operating according…

People Place of Houston, Texas provides racially isolated elementary school children with exposure to various world cultures. The children who visit this center are selected from schools with a majority of Black, Anglo, or Mexican American children. Two major objectives of People Place are: the reduction of group isolation and discrimination, and…