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Lockheed, Marlaine E. – OECD Publishing, 2015
This report provides a systematic review and empirical evidence related to the experiences of middle-income countries and economies participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2000 to 2015. PISA is a triennial survey that aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old…
Descriptors: Socioeconomic Status, Adolescents, Foreign Countries, Developing Nations
Diehl, William A. – 1979
The variable nature of literacy is discussed in chapter one of this paper, including problems of arbitrary standards, instruments, and criteria. In the second chapter, some of the historical roots of the concept of literacy are traced both to show how the concept of literacy evolved and to show how literacy has always been closely tied to the…
Descriptors: Adult Literacy, Cultural Influences, Educational Philosophy, Functional Literacy