The current debate swirling around the inclusion of transgender individuals in sports is a complex and nuanced issue. This article reflects on how athletic organizations have historically dealt with this dilemma, as well as covers key legal battles that have surfaced in recent years in secondary schools and universities across America. With the…

On June 23, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits gender discrimination in any federally financed education program or activity. Title IX is far-reaching, but the law is most often associated with school and college athletics. Title IX allows schools to prove their athletic…

This article examines the current state of gender equity in athletic programs offered at two-year institutions. Two overarching questions have guided the research done for this article: (1) How successful have two-year institutions been in responding to the mandate of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1964? and (2) How will the…

Discusses a recent court decision bearing on Title IX's application to interscholastic or intercollegiate athletics. (WD)

This article advocates that women take affirmative action to demand full support for separate athletic teams for girls on a basis comparable to that which is afforded boys. The need for excellence in instruction and coaching is stressed. Legal issues are reviewed. (JA)

Reviews the evolution of opportunities for females in college athletics at four-year institutions, including the impact of Title IX and subsequent court decisions. Analyzes the roles of various athletic associations. Examines Title IX initiatives implemented by dominant athletic associations. (MKA)

A court decision rejecting the charge of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (A.I.A.W.) that the National Collegiate Athletics Association forced it out of operation by engaging in anticompetitive actions to induce members to leave the A.I.A.W. is discussed, including excerpts of the court's opinion. (MSE)

When Congress decided that Title IX applied to sports, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was required to develop regulations for enforcing equality in athletic programs. HEW's guidelines, the federal government's enforcement of the guidelines, and the impact of Title IX on women's athletics are discussed. (SR)

"A Place on the Team" is the inside story of how Title IX revolutionized American sports. The federal law guaranteeing women's rights in education, Title IX opened gymnasiums and playing fields to millions of young women previously locked out. Journalist Welch Suggs chronicles both the law's successes and failures-the exciting…

This paper presents the procedural facts of the Haffer case in which women college athletes sued Temple University (Pennsylvania) for the discrepancies between men's and women's intercollegiate programs. It discusses the grounds upon which the plaintiffs brought their gender discrimination suit and reviews the negotiated settlement of Haffer. (DB)

Probes whether parallels can be drawn from legal cases involving race to those involving sex, whether athletics should be considered like any other area under the constitution, and whether justification can be made for the treatment of all females as a single class as opposed to the treatment of each individual person according to abilities. (MM)

The 1985 National School Population Fitness Survey found that girls aged 6 to 17 generally scored lower than boys on all test items except flexibility. Possible reasons are physiological factors, lack of opportunity, and psychological barriers. Changes in the law affecting women's athletic programs are reviewed. (MT)

Discusses a Title IX action brought against Rhode Island's Brown University as a result of the university's demotion of two women's varsity teams to unfunded status. Reports that the court rejected Brown's argument that women are less interested in sports than men, ordering it to comply with the law. (AJL)

This document represents a model legal case for defending a girl who wants to play soccer on her high school's all male soccer team. Contained are descriptions of the parties involved, the statement of claim, the causes of action, the laws that action is taken under, and former court decisions that might have bearing on the case. Also included are…

Pursuit of a legislative exemption under Title IX for revenue-producing men's sports is seen as not in the best interests of athletes or colleges. A special exemption for revenue-producing sports may strengthen arguments for treating them as commercial rather than nonprofit activities. (MLW)