Between 1992 and 1996 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) settled a number of legal cases involving housing authorities and agreed to take remedial action as part of court-enforced consent decrees entered into with plaintiffs. These housing authorities faced significant obstacles that impaired their ability to comply swiftly…

This book is intended to serve as a general introduction to the broad area of educational law for students without previous exposure to the subject or as a tool for more advanced students seeking to focus on a particular area of the law as it applies to public education. Although its emphasis is primarily legal, the book also contains historical,…

The political and legal forces that shaped opinion and government action prior to the Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) are examined, along with constitutional interpretations concerning education and desegregation, federal and state statutes related to desegregation, and cases since Roberts v. City of Boston…

The major objective of this symposium is to present four perspectives on the question of attaining the goal of racial balance while avoiding the difficulties that accompany court-ordered integration. Three of the postulated solutions have been implemented in the Cincinnati Public Schools. A secondary objective of the symposium is outlining…

In reviewing statistics of the racial patterns in the recent history of the Cleveland public school system, as well as all of the evidence included in the voluminous record in this case, the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio sought an answer to a single question of constitutional law: to what extent, if any, were the defendants in…

A profile of Chicanos on the basis of key indicators of socioeconomic and political status reveals remarkable gaps between them and the Anglo segment. Chicano incomes are much lower, their educational attainments are inferior, their occupational range is narrow and unfavorable, and their returns on educational attainments are lower. Finally, their…

This article traces back to the time when virtually no educational research or policymaking takes integration seriously, when the courts regularly declare segregated districts unitary, when the rhetoric of race-blind social justice has been abandoned by the left and appropriated by the opponents of equality. This leads students' and other…

This collection of articles on blacks in higher education includes such topics as: college endowments; black studies as a major; why affirmative action does little harm to white students; why blacks are more likely than whites to drop out of college; and how a college education acts as a defense for blacks in an economic downturn. (SM)

According to Frankenberg, Lee, and Orfield, segregation for black students declined substantially after the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision, "Brown v. Board of Education," reaching its lowest point 30 years later. By comparison, Latino students have experienced "steadily rising segregation since the 1960s." Unlike…

"Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) is one of the greatest achievements of the American judicial system. It decisively declared racial segregation in the schools unconstitutional, inaugurating the modern civil rights era. In addition to advancing equality, "Brown" initiated a new type of judicial decision making. After…

2004 was a special year in America's longstanding efforts to provide equal educational opportunity for all people. It marked the 50th Anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education", which declared racially segregated schools to be unconstitutional. 2004 also marked the 40th Anniversary of the…

This publication is designed to encourage and assist those who seek to improve school systems through the improvement of school laws. This is a revised edition of "Know Your School Law," Bulletin 1952 No. 1, by Dr. Ward W. Keesecker, and is part of the Office of Education program to develop a clearinghouse of timely and useful information on…

On July 28, 2006, a panel of experts briefed members of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights on the putative benefits of racial and ethnic diversity in elementary and secondary education. Four experts presented written statements to the Commissioners that assessed the social science literature on this issue. They also addressed whether or not…