The elementary school years are a particularly crucial time for children to engage in quality physical education (PE). Increasing the proportion of elementary schools that require daily PE is a Healthy People 2020 objective. Concerns over deficiencies in the quantity and quality of PE in California, especially in elementary schools, have been…

"Roberts v. City of Boston" is a well-known legal case in the history of US education. In 1847, the Boston School Committee denied Sarah C. Roberts, a five-year-old African American girl, admission to the public primary school closest to her home. She was instead ordered to attend the all-black Abiel Smith School, about a half-mile walk…

Background: For over 50 years, special education has been used as a tool to maintain racial segregation, particularly in schools located in low-income communities of color. This study utilized tenets found in disability critical race theory (DisCrit) and inclusive school leadership literature to examine the perceptions, practices, and challenges…

Principals historically have needed to adapt to dramatic shifts that impact their schools, including significant policy changes at the state and federal levels. For example, the 2008 study recorded principals' reactions to No Child Left Behind (NCLB), signed into law in early 2002. NCLB substantially altered the landscape of education across the…

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a broadly worded statement that addresses discrimination in schools and other settings. Enacted at about the same time as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Section 504 has been used sparingly in elementary and secondary schools. Section 504 presents an opportunity to redress…

Southern California is facing a demographic transformation that will become characteristic of the nation as a whole in coming decades. In this research, we present a historical review of the region's attempt to address school inequity, recent enrollment and segregation trends, and an investigation of whether segregation still matters. Our results…

According to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, states are required "...to ensure that poor and minority children are not taught at higher rates than other children by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers..." Although the NCLB law and State Education Agencies (SEAs) currently offer very clear definitions of…

This article reports that the U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments in December in a case that could make it more difficult for plaintiffs to win sexual-discrimination or sexual-harassment lawsuits against colleges and other educational institutions. The justices will decide whether to uphold a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for…

In 2011, the Campaign for Educational Equity established the Safeguarding Sound Basic Education Project. One of the major components of this project has been to gather and analyze data about the availability of resources and services in high-needs schools both in New York City and around the state. A number of groups have issued statistical…

Discipline affects students' rights and interests greatly. If there is no scientific and efficient system to standardize it, the disciplinary rights of students will be easily abused, which will not only infringe on students' rights and interests but also give rise to campus disputes. The problems of the disciplinary system in Chinese primary and…

This document is the text of a House of Representatives bill to establish procedures and standards for the framing of relief in suits to desegrate the Nation's elementary and secondary public schools, to provide for assistance to voluntary desegregation efforts, to establish a National Community and Education Committee to provide assistance to…

This document is the text of a Senate bill to establish procedures and standards for the framing of relief in suits to desegregate the Nation's elementary and secondary public schools, to provide for assistance to voluntary desegregation efforts, to establish a National Community and Education Committee to provide assistance to encourage and…

The pace is intensive in church-state legislative activity and litigation and shows every sign of increasing. Moreover, there is a blatant disrespect for Supreme Court decisions by some State legislatures, creating in substance statutes which clearly violate constitutional permissiveness. However, the Supreme Court has begun to define more clearly…

In October 1972, questionnaires asking for information on legislation and achievements in education were sent to all State departments of education, legislative service agencies, State school boards associations, and State offices of the NEA and AFT. In most States, one or more of the organizations sent a reply. The compilation in this book is…

Schools must keep basic records about children. Names, addresses, birthdates, courses taken, and grades received must be recorded for review by teachers, counselors, college admission officers, employers, and others. Problems begin to form around what different people in various places define as a record, what entries should be made into it, who…