DIRECTIVE AND LESS-DIRECTIVE COUNSELING ARE EXAMINED ON A THEORETICAL BASIS THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (LR). THE FOLLOWING ARE ASSUMED--(1) THE GOAL OF COUNSELING IN OUR SOCIETY IS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND EMERGENCE, (2) DIRECTIVE COUNSELING, AN END IN ITSELF, GUIDES THE CLIENT TO PREDETERMINED ADJUSTMENT, AND (3) LESS-DIRECTIVE…

A number of factors indicate an increased need for vocational counseling services for adults, chief among them being the economic factors of increased material needs, inflation, and technological change; the social factors of unemployment or underemployment; and the increase of women in the job market. The conventional pattern of testing, profile…

Effects of interpretation and restatement on client expression of self-reference affect in a low-structured interview were examined. Subjects were 40 female volunteers. Interpretation treatment achieved significant positive conditioning of self-reference affect. Restatement treatment achieved significant negative conditioning of the critical…

This review of Consciouness III'' thinking defines its impact on vocational counseling theory. Consciouness III is defined as that extreme of the life style continuum wherein each man must determine his own ends and where growth is considered synonomous with life. (Author/CJ)

Complete analysis of the literature identified only six studies of empathy and counseling outcomes. This article discusses reasons why empathy does not appear important in counseling as well as implications for practice, theory, and research. (Author)

Factors which cast doubt on applicability of any psychotherapeutic design to school setting include school structure, counselor training programs, administrative attitudes, involuntary nature and irregularity of much counseling and time limitations. Alternatives for generating theory and monitoring research are examined. (Author/CJ)

Describes success counseling, a counseling approach based on the principles of William Glasser's control theory and reality therapy that helps campers examine their wants and needs, evaluate their own behaviors, and see the connections between behavior and the ability to meet basic needs for love, power, fun, and freedom. Provides examples of…

In order to develop competence in cross-cultural counseling, awareness of one's own culture must be developed. To survive, cultures incorporate both obvious mechanisms, like a distinctive language, and less obvious mechanisms, like patterns of thought. Culture acts as an invisible veil which prevents us from being aware of the cultural filters…

Super's life-span life-space theory offers a developmental framework for career counseling. This paper provides a brief overview of Super's theory of Life Career Rainbow (LCR) segment. The LCR feature is useful for identifying the stage of a client's career development and in formulating goals for counseling. The assessment is accomplished by…

This article briefly reviews the basic features of the Stanford program and describe the experiences that are currently being used to train counselors at Stanford. Also discussed are some of the problems encountered, some of the positive aspects, and the future of the program. (Author)

Few contemporary developments in psychology rival the impact of working alliance theory. This construct can predict psychotherapy outcomes to an extent unknown previously. Yet despite the importance of working alliance theory to effective psychotherapy, only a few articles on this topic have appeared in resources commonly read by professional…

This book presents choice awareness as an eclectic counseling theory. The five choice principles of CREST are listed as Caring, Ruling, Enjoying, Sorrowing, and Thinking/Working. The focus is on providing the counselor with a direct and concise approach which will enable clients to make more effective choices and to exercise more responsibility in…

This book provides a way for individuals to look at how they make choices in their lives, and how they might make more effective choices in the future. The first part of the book provides an introduction to the CREST system. The meaning of CREST is defined in terms of the five basic choices available to human beings: Caring, Ruling, Enjoying,…