Viva voce is the Latin expression traditionally used to refer to doctoral oral examinations. Viva voce, or simply viva, examinations are a standard requirement for doctoral candidacy and degree completion in many counselor education programs. Despite the prevalent use of vivas as an assessment and learning tool, the counselor education literature…

Describes work as Fulbright Senior Research Fellowship recipient surveying counselor training and services in West Germany. Presents three counseling activities developed in West Germany which could well be emulated by counseling psychologists in United States: nationwide network of career information, city-run adult counseling centers for normal…