Academic feedback has a direct impact on students' effort decisions and academic performance. However, the grades that are reported to students are often based on institutional or instructor preferences, with entities adopting a discrete or fine grading scale. In this study, we utilize a field experiment to assess how a Letter (LGS) or Numerical…

Studies using tests scores as the dependent variable often report point estimates in student standard deviation units. We note that a standard deviation is not a standard unit of measurement since the distribution of test scores can vary across contexts. As such, researchers should be cautious when interpreting differences in the numerical size of…

Programme for International Student Assessment data from 29 countries was used to measure immigrant school gaps (differences in scores between immigrants and natives) in relation to various potentially correlated factors. Results show that negative gaps are concentrated in the European Union; in the South, they are mainly correlated with school…