Second language learning is the long-term time process of commitment to seeking a high degree of success. In this manner, the majority of learners get more experience of success than failure. However, a small number of learners involve a string of repeated failures arising from the lack of self-confidence and a feeling of hopelessness. Thus, the…

Language abilities in preschool years, including those measured with letter knowledge, are predictors of reading development in later school years. The aim of this study was to investigate variation in children's language abilities before they started school in relation to gender and neighborhood level socioeconomic status (SES). Schools from…