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Download full textCarnoy, Martin – National Education Policy Center, 2015
Stanford education professor Martin Carnoy examines four main critiques of how international test results are used in policymaking. Of particular interest are critiques of the policy analyses published by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Using average PISA scores as a comparative measure of student achievement is misleading…
Descriptors: Criticism, Reputation, Test Validity, Error of Measurement
Direct linkLevine, Robert V.; Reysen, Stephen; Ganz, Ellen – Social Indicators Research, 2008
Three field studies compared helping behavior across a sample of 24 small, medium and large cities across the United States. The relationship of helping to statistics reflecting the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of these communities was then examined. The strongest predictors of city differences in helping were population size,…
Descriptors: Field Studies, Poverty, Altruism, Crime
