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Direct linkWhite, Mary-Genevieve – ProQuest LLC, 2023
Research has demonstrated the positive effects on reading achievement measures when content is conditioned as a reinforcer for prolonged reading. While previous research has focused on conditioning narrative texts on the relation to increased comprehension, there is no current research on the effects of conditioning informational texts. Experiment…
Descriptors: Reading Achievement, Reinforcement, STEM Education, Conditioning
The Effects of Teachers' Gender-Stereotypical Expectations on the Development of the Math Gender Gap
Download full textRobinson, Joseph P.; Lubienski, Sarah T.; Copur, Yasemin – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2011
Scholars have identified mathematics gender gaps favoring males as early as kindergarten or first grade, particularly at the top of the achievement distribution (Penner & Paret, 2008; Rathbun, West & Germino-Hausken, 2004; Robinson & Lubienski, 2011). These relatively small achievement disparities precede larger differences in…
Descriptors: Achievement Gap, Females, Mathematics Achievement, Conditioning
