A multi-method approach was used to understand the attitudes of English Language Teachers working in universities in Japan to first language use (L1) in the second language (L2) classroom. Findings indicate that instructors recognise the benefits of the L1 and have awareness of current empirical findings, though, their approach is highly dependent…

Engaging students in controversial issues provides numerous benefits for developing democratic citizenship. A wide variety of pathways and challenges exist to their discussion in classrooms, many of which are based upon societal and cultural context. This study explores the context of Guam and maps the issues of controversy within categories of…

The process by which the Mississippi History and Mississippi State and Local Government curricula were validated in the 1988-89 school year is described. The validation effort was part of a state program of review of the entire curriculum. The first validation panel consisted of 10 university professors, who reached consensus on the 35 objectives…