The last decades have witnessed an increased concern in higher education over accountability, quality and productivity, and a struggle to meet increasingly complex challenges. This is more so in Middle East and North African (MENA) economies that witnessed a large expansion as a result of a high social demand and massification policies adopted by…

Music teachers are often influenced by pedagogical practices in the collegiate ensembles in which they performed. Opportunities to participate in collegiate world music ensembles have increased in recent decades; West African ensembles and steel bands represent the second and third most common of these in the United States. The absence of…

The National University of Zaire was established in 1971 from the merger of three formerly independent universities and 17 institutions of higher learning. The reform changed higher education administrative organization, emphasized African culture and Africanization of the academic staff, and achieved statutory integration of the university into…