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Hamilton, Kendra; Cerstvik, Joan Preston – Black Issues in Higher Education, 2004
It's a little-known fact, but, 50 years ago, the junior high and high schools of Topeka, Kan., were integrated--though in name only. Fear was the order of the day at the high school, where an African American assistant superintendent by the name of Harrison Caldwell roamed the halls as the "White folks' enforcer," ensuring that African…
Descriptors: Racial Segregation, School Segregation, Desegregation Litigation, African American Students
Direct linkLightfoot, Jonathan D. – International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 2006
Modern educational reform owes much to the legal team and educational leaders who fought to make equal educational opportunity a reality for Black students in the United States of America. Their efforts helped to dismantle American apartheid; a.k.a. Jim Crow, a system of allocating human and civil rights according to assigned or assumed…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Public Education, Racial Segregation, African American Students
Gewertz, Catherine – Education Week, 2004
In this article, the author discusses the 50th Anniversary Commission of the "Brown v. Board of Education" that draws both praise and criticism from nationally prominent figures in education, civil rights, and government--including its own commissioners. As the federal commission commemorates the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme…
Descriptors: Racial Segregation, Public Schools, Civil Rights, Court Litigation
Peer reviewedVan Delinder, Jean – Great Plains Quarterly, 2001
Initially, Kansas prohibited school segregation except for elementary schools in cities over 15,000 people. As Topeka annexed areas in the early 20th century, African Americans accustomed to integration filed court challenges, which failed. Subsequent efforts to desegregate Topeka are traced, through the landmark 1954 case. Black teachers in…
Descriptors: Access to Education, Black Education, Black History, Civil Rights
Smith, Charles U. – Negro Educational Review, The, 2005
As Americans commemorate the 50th anniversary of the "Brown v the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" U.S. Supreme Court public school desegregation decision on (the Brown decision), the author was tempted to refer to it as a "celebration of the Golden Anniversary of the legal end to racial segregation in the public schools of the…
Descriptors: Access to Education, African American Students, State Courts, Social Adjustment
