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Wang, Yi; Zhang, Liwei; Zhai, Fuhua – Infant and Child Development, 2023
Spanking and parental verbal aggression are potentially toxic stressors that can negatively affect children's academic achievement by disrupting mental skills like executive function. Yet little empirical evidence has been provided for this mediating pathway. This study used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort of…
Descriptors: Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Verbal Communication, Aggression
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Hilt, Lori M.; Nock, Matthew K.; Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth E.; Prinstein, Mitchell J. – Journal of Early Adolescence, 2008
This study examined rates, correlates and an interpersonal model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among a sample of 508 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders. Questionnaires assessing NSSI, related health-risk behaviors, and relationships with parents were administered two times over an 11-month period. Overall, 7.5% reported engaging in NSSI within…
Descriptors: Children, Longitudinal Studies, Self Destructive Behavior, Early Adolescents