This paper examines the relationship of urban reform and school reform to class conflict and assesses the adequacy of a class conflict model for explaining school reform in Atlanta in 1897. A model which explains urban reform (including school reform in urban areas) in class conflict categories is based on an ideology protective of middle-class…

This paper, after discussing the inadequacies of present-day teacher education, proposes an alternative model which places first priority on the actual training of teachers, as well as administrators, for the public schools. The model emphasizes the realities of life in urban and nonurban America in the seventies, making the following assumptions:…

Despite periodic reform movements, the American educational system has remained essentially unchanged since about 1885, when it was established as "universal, tax-supported, free, bureaucratically organized, class-biased, and racist." Bureaucracy emerged as the dominant structure because it is the most practical method of keeping the lower orders…