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Direct linkHaley L. Gullion – ProQuest LLC, 2024
The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design study was to measure the effects of both types of manipulatives on student mathematical understanding of 1st and 4th grade, Title I students. This data is needed for teachers to make informed decisions regarding their instructional choices. 270 participants…
Descriptors: Federal Programs, Low Income, Grade 1, Grade 4
