There have been four major court decisions affecting bilingual education: Lau v. Nichols, Serna v. Portales, Aspira v. the New York Board of Education and Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1. Lau v. Nichols was an action brought by non-English-speaking Chinese-origin students claiming to be denied an education because they could not comprehend…

This issue of "Legal Memorandum" attempts to define some of the legal obligations of school districts to students for whom English is a second language. The Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in any federally funded program and an HEW directive reinforced this. HEW instructed school districts with more than 5 per cent national…

The self-described helplessness of some school districts in coping with linguistically heterogeneous groups of children (especially Spanish-speaking children) is more an admission of general educational inadequacy than a failure of bilingual education. With minimal effort and cost, a school district can offer unique learning situations that suit…

Bilingual education in English and Spanish is intended to give native speakers of both languages insights into two cultures, a broader background, and greater life opportunities. Spanish-speaking students in bilingual programs can retain their language ties and the ability to communicate with their families and older relatives. The directors of…

The major instrument employed in the evaluation of the functioning of the bilingual mini-school was an observation schema developed by the evaluators over a two year period. The major purpose of the observation scale was to develop a dynamic feedback system or process. Second, it was felt that it was important to obtain a direct measure of the…

The present paper reports on a study conducted in 1973, designed to measure the English competence and performance of bilingual fourth graders in selected schools in southern Arizona and the extent to which the first language (Spanish) interfered with the second (English). The study also attempted to determine which patterns might yet be unlearned…

If equal educational opportunity is to become a reality for minority students, implementation of bilingual-bicultural curricula must commence immediately. Legislation committing our nation to bilingual education has been passed, but very little progress has been made so far in implementing bilingual programs. Continuous pressure must be exerted on…

This article describes an experiment in early Welsh-English bilingual education which was begun in September of 1968 with 35 children and which continued for two years. There was one male teacher who used mostly Welsh and taught for one hour per day. The average age of the children at the beginning of the two-year experiment was five years, two…

The Milwaukee Bilingual Program was initiated in September, 1969 and funded under ESEA Titles VII and I and under Milwaukee Public Schools' Local Funds to develop a curriculum taught in both Spanish and English in order to prevent the hindering of learning and lowering of self-esteem often experienced by newly arrived or recently arrived pupils of…

This guide for teachers of pre-school, Spanish-speaking children provides materials for conceptual development in the target languages. Some 120 structural Oral Language Circle lessons in Spanish and in English, each approximately 15 minutes in duration, represent the heart of this package. Used together, they develop in the child language and…

The Milwaukee Bilingual Education Program, a five-year pilot project, ended its fourth year in June, 1973. The program provided a Spanish/English bilingual/bicultural curriculum taught by a bilingual staff of Spanish-American heritage. Both Spanish and English were used for instruction in order that pupils might demonstrate grade-level academic…

This is the third book in a five-book physical science series on simple machines. The books are designed for Spanish-speaking junior high school students. This volume explains principles governing wheels and pulleys by suggesting experiments and posing questions concerning drawings in the book which illustrate the scientific principles. Friction…

This is the first book in a five-book physical science series on simple machines. The books are designed for Spanish-speaking junior high school students. This volume defines force and work by suggesting experiments and posing questions concerning drawings in the book which illustrate scientific principles. Answers to the questions are provided;…

This is the fourth book in a five-book physical science series on simple machines. The books are designed for Spanish-speaking junior high school students. This volume explains further refinements of the wheel which is introduced in volume three. The fourth volume explains principles behind gears and the relationship between velocity and force by…

This is the second book in a five-book physical science series on simple machines. The books are designed for Spanish-speaking junior high school students. By suggesting experiments and posing questions concerning drawings in the book which illustrate the scientific principles, this book explains the workings of three types of levers. Resistance…