The objective of this study was to validate a bilingual Spanish-English version of the Vocabulary Size Test (VST) considering its potential use as a discriminator between learners in terms of language competence. This version was designed based on the two forms available on one of the creators' websites as well as considering practices recommended…

This study examined discourse markers (DM) in Spanish that distinguished themselves by their frequency of use in dyadic interaction among young bilingual speakers in Sweden. It also established the distribution of DM in conversation. The DM were classified as initial markers (IM), corpus markers (CM), and terminal markers (TM). The study involved…