Prior research has found that referees are harsher toward sporting offenses in regional-level matches between women than in regional-level matches between men. We tested whether this bias also occurs at a higher, national level of competition, despite the greater pressures for objectivity and fairness at this level. Referees' decisions were…

In the preface, the authors define the purpose of this book as the presentation of a combination of what is best in athletic administrative theory and what has proven acceptable in practice. Chapters include the following: (a) "History of Athletics in the United States;" (b) "Development of Girls' and Women's Athletic Programs;" (c) "Organization…

A court decision rejecting the charge of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (A.I.A.W.) that the National Collegiate Athletics Association forced it out of operation by engaging in anticompetitive actions to induce members to leave the A.I.A.W. is discussed, including excerpts of the court's opinion. (MSE)

This survey report focuses on sex differences in response to 11 attitude items concerning the female opportunity structure in sport, females in traditionally male sports, and sex role socialization in relation to sport. On all items, females were more accepting of women in sports than males were. (Author/SJL)

This study of male and female high school athletes supports the contention that males, but not females, who participate heavily in athletics do not develop the academic skills necessary for later success in college. (PBS)

This study provides the most accurate and comprehensive examination of participation trends to date. We analyze data from almost every higher education institution in the country and utilize data and methods that are free of the shortcomings present in previous research on this subject. A 10-year NCAA sample containing 738 NCAA colleges and…

Pursuit of a legislative exemption under Title IX for revenue-producing men's sports is seen as not in the best interests of athletes or colleges. A special exemption for revenue-producing sports may strengthen arguments for treating them as commercial rather than nonprofit activities. (MLW)

A survey of 740 students at the University of California, Davis, was conducted in the spring quarter to provide the Physical Education Department with recent data on overall student interests, including a male/female comparison, and to document male and female athletic interests for Title IX purposes. Thirty- six sports offered in the athletic…

Information on the impact of implementing Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments at Florida A and M University, a predominantly Black public university, is presented. Title IX assures everyone regardless of sex an equal opportunity to learn a skill, choose a course of study, advance in status, participate in a sport, receive a scholarship, or…