Factors were studied that influence attitudes of Asian English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) learners in order to better understand possible reasons why attitudes may change and ways they may be influenced. Special attention was given to cultural and education differences, difficulties relating to nonliterate adult learners, and strategies to assist…

A 12-month program provides adult Indochinese refugees with the basic communication skills and understanding of American culture needed to help them secure or upgrade employment. Offered through the community college system, the program is divided into four levels of instruction: non-literate, beginning, intermediate, and upper intermediate. The…