Literacy programs are needed by four groups: rural personnel, dropouts and pushouts, neo-literates, and the educated elite. The use of three principles for raising literacy standards for functional literacy programs for each of the groups is discussed, and some program suggestions are offered. (BP)

The author discusses the educational concept of "learning to do" (interrelated activities of learning and doing) and the role it plays in relation to primary education, secondary education, out of school programs, and non-formal education. (BP)