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Malamut, Sarah T.; Trach, Jessica; Garandeau, Claire F.; Salmivalli, Christina – Child Development, 2023
Defending peers who have been bullied is often thought to put defenders at risk of becoming victimized themselves. The study investigated the concurrent and prospective associations between defending and (peer- and self-reported) victimization, and examined popularity and classroom norms as potential moderators. Participants included 4085 Finnish…
Descriptors: Peer Relationship, Victims, Advocacy, Correlation
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Warton, Pamela M.; Goodnow, Jacqueline J. – Child Development, 1991
Three principles of work distribution were considered: (1) direct cause; (2) self-regulation; and (3) continuing responsibility. Children of 8, 11, and 14 years of age performed a job sorting task and commented on the fairness of work arrangements in vignettes. Results showed a differential development for the three principles rather than a…
Descriptors: Adolescents, Age Differences, Behavior Standards, Child Responsibility