Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how principals and school supervisory authorities understand and use feedback from mandatory proficiency tests (VERA) in the low-stakes context of Germany. For the analysis, the authors refer to a theoretical model of schools that differentiates between Autonomous and Managed Professional…

For more than 20 years, new public management (NPM) has been the guiding governance model of university reforms in Europe. One central aspect of this governance model is to strengthen the hierarchy within the universities. Recent research shows that the formal decision-making authority of university leaders and deans has increased in almost every…

In the last two decades a number of studies, State, regional and nation-wide, have been made of the academic and professional training, the educational experience, and the social and economic status of elementary and secondary school teachers. Three notable studies have been made of the city superintendent of schools. The status of the high-school…